Catalogue information

LastDodo number
190717
Area
Books
Title
Aeneis
subtitle
Literary collection
Literary number
Addition to number
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Series / hero
Original title
Translator
Illustrator
Year
1999
Print Run
Reprint
Type of book
Number of pages
390
Number produced
Dimensions
24.0 x 31.5 cm
ISBN10
90-214-9773-5
ISBN13
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Publius Vergilius Maro (also written as Virgilius; Mantua, October 15, 70 BC - Brindisi, September 21, 19 BC) was a Roman poet. His most famous work is the Aeneid, the great epic in which the greatness of Rome, of Rome's origins and past, is sung. This work had to become as famous as Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, so it has a similar content, but it is written more critically. Virgil also appears in Dante Alighieri's La Divina Commedia, where he guides Dante through Purgatory and Hell. Sources for Virgil's Life: The most important source for Virgil's life is the Vita Vergilii (Life of Virgil) by the fourth-century writer Aelius Donatus. It preceded his commentary on Virgil's work, of which only the beginning of the commentary on Bucolica has survived. However, Donatus' commentary was used by his student Servius for a new commentary on Virgil's work, which also contains some biographical data. Besides the work of Donatus and Servius, there are some minor biographies, and Virgil's work contains some biographical data. Youth and training: Virgil was born in Andes near Mantua of humble parents. His father was also called Vergilius Maro and his mother Magia Polla. He attended primary education in Cremona, then went to Milan (Mediolanum in Roman times) where he followed the education of the grammarian in Greek and Latin literature. When he received the toga virilis, he left on October 15, 55 BC. (the anniversary of Lucretius' death) to Rome for higher education, which in Roman times was mainly dominated by rhetoric. But Virgil had little talent for rhetoric because he spoke very slowly. He has therefore only delivered a speech in court once. According to Donatus, he was mainly involved in medicine and mathematics during his studies. He also studied in Naples where, according to the 5th poem of the Catalepton, he attended the school of the epicurean philosopher Siro. When he came of age he lost his family, including his father and his brothers Shiloh and Flaccus (who according to Donatus he would have regretted under the name Daphnis in his 5th Ecloga). The land that Virgil inherited was confiscated when Augustus after the Battle of Philippi in 42-41 BC. land around Cremona and Mantua for its veterans. However, Virgil was the only one to get it back through the intercession of influential acquaintances in Rome, Asinius Pollio, Alfenus Varus and Cornelius Gallus. The record of this event can be found in the 1st and 9th Ecloga. Appearance and character: According to Donatus, Virgil was tall, had dark skin, a peasant face and poor health. In love he had a preference for boys. Cebes and Alexander are mentioned as his favorites. According to Donatus he would refer to this Alexander by the name Alexis in the 2nd Ecloga. For the rest, Virgil was modest and withdrawn, earning him the nickname Parthenias ("Virgin"). The successful poet In his twenties, Virgil made his debut as a poet. His first poem would be a graphepigram on Ballista, a gladiatorial boss notorious as a highwayman: Monte sub hoc lapidum tegitur Ballista sepultus: nocte die tutum carpe viator iter. Ballista is buried under this mountain of stones: a safe journey day and night, traveler. Then, according to Donatus, at the age of 26 he wrote the Catalepton and other short poems, which are handed down in the so-called Appendix Vergiliana. Today, however, only Catalepton 5 and 8 are generally considered genuine Virgil's. In the years 42-39 he wrote the Bucolica, which brought him into the circle of the art protector Maecenas and through this the contact with Octavian, the later emperor Augustus. He was friends with the poet Horace, whom he in turn introduced to Maecenas (Horace, Satiren I, 6, 54). The next ten years, 39-29 BC. he was concerned with Georgics. He seems to have written this at least in part in Naples, for at the end of this work he writes: "At that time I, Virgil, was nourished by the glorious Naples, enjoying the art of simple idleness." Georgics IV, 562-563). In AD 29 he read for four days in Atella de Georgica to Octavian on his way to Rome, with Maecenas supporting Virgil because of his weak voice. From 29 BC. until his death in 19 BC. Virgil then worked on the Aeneid. In the meantime he already enjoyed a reputation as a great poet, which is evident, for example, from the fact that the grammarian Caecilius Epirota had already told him in 25 BC. made a school author (Suetonius, De Grammaticis 16). In the year 23 AD he read all books 2, 4 and 6 of the Aeneid in the house of the emperor. In the year 19 BC. he went to Greece for three years to finish the work quietly. But he fell ill and died on the way back to Brundisium. He had ordered his friends Lucius Varius and Plotius Tucca to burn the Aeneis if anything happened to him. When they refused, he himself wanted to burn the Aeneis on his deathbed. In his will, he ordered his friends Lucius Varius and Plotius Tucca not to publish work that he had not published himself. But after his death, Varius nevertheless published the Aeneid at the request of Augustus Grave and epitaph: After his death, Virgil was buried in Naples. In the Mergellina district, there is a tomb traditionally referred to as the "Tomb of Virgil." In fact, it is an anonymous Augustan grave of an unknown person. On the occasion of Virgil's 2000th birth year, a small park was created near the grave in 1930, the Parco Vergiliano, which was planted with trees and shrubs in the manner prescribed by Virgil in his Georgics. In The Life of Virgil by Aelius Donatus a funeral scroll on Virgil has been handed down. It is an elegiac distich with the following text: Mantua took me out, Calabri rapuere, tenet nunc Parthenope; cecini pascua, rura, duces. Mantua gave birth to me, the Calabrians snatched me away, now keeps Parthenope me down; I have sung about meadows, fields, leaders. In this epitaph, the words of which are placed in the mouth of the deceased as usual in Antiquity, it is told where Virgil was born (Mantua), died (Brundisium in Calabria) and buried (Parthenope = Naples); moreover his main works are referred to by the words pascua (Bucolica), rura (Georgica) and duces (Aeneïs). This epitaph is also stylistically a tour de force with two tricola, alliteration (Mantua me), a chiasm (through the inversion of tenet Parthenope), enjambement, variation in the three geographic names and asyndeton. Aelius Donatus writes that "someone" made it, but because it is so clever, the temptation has often been to suppose that Virgil himself made it. Well-known works: Bucolica: Governor of Gallia Cisalpina had been since November 43 BC. Asinius Pollio, he put Virgil to write the Bucolica (Eclogen, 42-39 BC). It is a collection of shepherd songs after the example of Theocritus. In the fourth of these poems, Virgil announced the birth of a savior and the advent of a Golden Age; Christians later saw this as the announcement of Christ's birth. In 29 B.C. Georgica (37-29 BC), a teaching poem devoted to agriculture, arboriculture, livestock and beekeeping, appeared. It had a practical purpose: reviving agriculture, and was based on extensive study of Greek and Latin literature by Aristotle, Theophrastos, Cato and Varro, among others. With this he definitely established his fame. Aeneid: In the year 31 BC. By winning the Battle of Actium, Octavian had ended the civil wars that had ravaged Rome for half a century. Octavian, later called Emperor Augustus, became Rome's first emperor; Then peace returned to the Roman Empire. Emperor Augustus strove for peace and stability, and wanted to revive the old values and norms of the Roman people. After all, Augustus himself encouraged the poet to write the Aeneid. It was to become a national epic for the Roman people. Roman history had interested him from childhood, now he felt strong enough to cast it in verses. Virgil would not be the first Roman epic poet, but he was the best. Virgil first recorded the plot in prose. Later he poured everything into hexameter. In the morning he produced a large number of verses that he worked on all day long, eventually reducing them to a small number of finished verses. For years, the Roman literary world waited for completion. Augustus wrote to Virgil that he would send him something, if only one sentence, to get an idea of the planned work; in the end, Virgil read him three books. When Virgil was 51 years old, and the twelve books that the Aeneis would count were as good as finished, he left on a study trip to Greece. He gave himself three years to visit the places he had described in his work: his epic could not contain errors. In Athens he met Augustus, who returned to Italy. Augustus probably saw that Virgil had overestimated his powers. He convinced the poet to return to Italy with him. Augustus had been right on a visit to Megara, the weakened Virgil suffered a sun stroke that would be fatal. He was critically ill when he arrived in the port of Brindisi. He died on it September 21, 19 BC. In his will, Virgil had asked for the Aeneis to be destroyed if he were to die before the work was completed. The emperor did not allow it. Augustus liked the epic a lot. He felt that the Romans were entitled to this masterpiece, even if it was not completely finished. Virgil gave one-fourth of his property to Augustus, one-twelfth to Maecenas. Half went to his half brother, the remaining twelfths to his closest friends, Varius and Tucca, the future publishers of the Aeneid. The Aeneid is about the legend of Aeneas, who crowns the Roman among the distant descendants of the young Trojans, and the lineage of the Iulii (= Julii), to which Augustus belonged through the adoption of Quintus, son of Aeneas and grandson of Venus and Jupiters. The mixture of this mythology with Latium's history of Cassiopeia makes this novel an international debacle, which from its inception to the present day is considered the most beautiful poem in the Latin language. Bibliography: Bucolica (Shepherd's Songs), also known as the Eclogae. Aelius Donatus was the author of a commentary on Bucolica. This work is sometimes called Dutch bucolic. Georgics: A Teaching Poem About Agriculture. Aeneid: an epic about the legend of Aeneas and thus about the origin of Rome. Appendix Vergiliana (Vergilian appendix): a collection of youth verses by Virgil including Catalepton (trifles), Priapea (3 poems about the fertility god Priapus), Dirae (curses) and Copa (innkeeper). Culex: novella about a mosquito that saves a sleeping shepherd from a snake by waking it up. Ciris: novella about a princess who falls in love with an enemy of her father, she is hanged by her father from the stern of a sailing ship. The gods take pity on the girl and turn her into a seabird (seabirds fly low over water, just like Ciris). Moretum (stew): about a farmer who eats a sober meal with his servants. A source of Virgil's work is the Virgil Augusteus, with fragments of his work in a 4th century manuscript. Part of this manuscript is in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana (MS 3256), and another part in the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (Lat. Fol. 416)

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