The Tamberma (or Batammaliba) are part of the Somba people and live in the savanna bordering the northern border of Togo and Benin. "Tamberma" means "good masons" in reference to their fortified earth constructions. Chiefdoms are organized into age grades around the Lifoni (or Libani) societies for men and Likuntili for women. Among the male rituals is a mock combat with whips. This shield made of straw and animal hide is typical of those used by the Tamberma during these ritual contests. It is characterized by its conical protrusion covered in animal skin. Some see it as having a phallic character (Dieter Plaschke and Manfred Zirngilb), while others (Suzanne Preston Blier) see it as a reminder of the horns fixed to the outside of the dwellings. This very fine specimen is in remarkable condition. Total height with stand 43 cm. Bibliographic source: Boucliers d'Afrique, d'Asie du Sud-Est et d'Océanie du musée Barbier-Mueller - Adam Biro, 1998