古罗马 黄铜色 祈愿用的护符 'Manu fica' (没有保留价)

ITEM: 供品护符“Manu fica” amulet
MATERIAL: 青铜
CULTURE: 罗马
PERIOD: 公元3世纪-5世纪
DIMENSIONS: 23 mm x 11 mm
CONDITION: 保存良好
PROVENANCE: 来自德国私人收藏，取得时间在1980年代之前

The fig sign is a mildly obscene gesture used at least since the Roman Age in Italy and Southern Europe and parts of the Mediterranean region, including in Turkish culture, and has also been adopted by Slavic cultures. The gesture uses a thumb wedged in between two fingers. This gesture is most commonly used to ward off the evil eye, insult someone, or deny a request.

这个“指事手势”是一种自罗马时代起在意大利、南欧及地中海部分地区使用的略带猥亵意味的手势，包括在土耳其文化中，以及被斯拉夫文化所采纳。该手势是把拇指夹在两根手指之间。此手势最常用于驱邪、侮辱他人或拒绝请求。

In ancient Rome, the fig sign, or manu fica, was made by the pater familias to ward off the evil spirits of the dead as a part of the Lemuria ritual.

在古罗马，所谓的“梅花指”或 manu fica，是由家父（pater familias）在莱穆里亚仪式中用来驱逐死者恶灵的一部分。

The Lemuralia or Lemurian festival is the name given to a pagan religious celebration of the ancient Romans, in which they performed apotropaic rites for three days and nights to exorcise the ghosts of the restless dead and prevent them from haunting their homes.

莱穆拉利亚节，亦称莱穆里安节，是古罗马人对异教宗教庆典的称谓，在这三天三夜的仪式中，他们执行护祛性仪式以驱逐不安灵魂，防止它们骚扰家宅。

The description of the ceremony or domestic liturgy carried out in these days by the Roman citizens was given by the Latin poet Ovid in his Fasti: the pater familias would walk barefoot through the house at midnight and make an offering of black beans that he would throw behind his shoulder without turning or looking back, making a fig or chestnut as a defence spell (digitis medio cum pollice iunctis), while he noticed a bronze jug, pot or pot and pronounced the formula: Manes exite paterni! / "Come out, spirits of the ancestors", in a completely apotropic context.

罗马公民在这些日子里进行的仪式或家庭礼仪，被拉丁诗人奥维德在《Fasti》中记载：家父在午夜赤脚在屋内走过，向肩背之后投掷黑豆而不回头，念出“防护符”词语（digitis medio cum pollice iunctis），同时看到铜罐、壶或盆，口中念出咒语：Manes exite paterni! / “出来吧，祖先的灵魂”，处于完全护神性环境中。

During the days of this festival, the ghosts of the restless dead (called larvae or lemurs, and sometimes umbrae, immagines, species), who could not find rest because they had died a tragic, violent or suicidal death and could disturb the sleep of the living and show themselves at night, were also appeased with offerings of grain and the vestals prepared to offer them the mola salsa, a coarse flour cake with salt made from the first ears of wheat harvested in the season. During these days, considered to be a bad omen, weddings were forbidden (from which the proverb Mense Maio malae nubunt / "The bad girls got married in May"); moreover, all the temples were closed and at night large pots or bronze cymbals were constantly beaten.

在这个节日的日子里，那些因惨死、暴力死亡或自杀而不得安息、会打扰活人夜间睡眠并在夜间现身的不安灵魂（被称为 larvae 或 lemurs，有时也称作 umbrae、immagines、species）也会得到安抚，给予谷物供奉，处女祭司们准备上供的 mola salsa，一种用本季收获的麦穗制成的粗面粉并加盐的蛋糕。在这些日子里，被视为凶兆，婚礼被禁止（谚语“Mense Maio malae nubunt / The bad girls got married in May”）；此外，所有神庙都关闭，夜间常常敲击大型锅或铜铃。

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