This Grebo mask of southeastern Liberia and western Côte d’Ivoire presents a striking formal vocabulary that has long attracted the attention of scholars of both African art and European modernism. Characterized by its block-shaped mouth with exposed, carved wooden teeth, a slender projecting nose, and the distinctive protruding, tubular eyes, the mask articulates a highly abstracted conception of the human face. The application of bluish, reddish, and white pigments, together with the addition of organic elements such as chicken feathers, further enhances its visual intensity and ritual potency. Within its original cultural context, such a mask was not an autonomous aesthetic object but part of a performative assemblage, activated through dance, costume, and social function, often associated with initiation societies or systems of communal regulation. Incl stand. The formal features of the Grebo mask—particularly the cylindrical eyes that project outward from the facial plane—have become central to discussions of cross-cultural encounters in early twentieth-century art. These tubular forms disrupt naturalistic representation, privileging instead a conceptual and symbolic rendering of vision. Rather than mimetically depicting eyes as recessed or anatomically integrated features, the Grebo artist externalizes them, transforming sight into an objectified and almost mechanical extension. This strategy resonates with a broader tendency in many West African sculptural traditions to emphasize essential qualities over optical realism, encoding meaning through abstraction, distortion, and the strategic use of geometry. It is precisely these qualities that found a receptive audience among European avant-garde artists in the early twentieth century, particularly within the circles surrounding Pablo Picasso. Picasso’s engagement with African sculpture—often filtered through colonial collections and ethnographic displays in Paris—coincided with his search for alternatives to the conventions of Western naturalism. In works such as Guitar, the artist developed a radically new sculptural language that challenged traditional notions of volume, mass, and representation. Constructed from planar elements and incorporating negative space as an active component, the Guitar series dismantles the illusion of cohesive form, offering instead an assemblage of discrete yet interrelated parts. The connection between Grebo masks and Picasso’s Guitar lies not in direct imitation but in a shared conceptual reorientation. The mask’s projecting eyes can be understood as precedents for the fragmentation and reconfiguration of form that characterize Cubist and post-Cubist experimentation. In both cases, the integrity of the object is subordinated to a logic of construction in which elements are juxtaposed, layered, or displaced. The Grebo mask’s eyes, for instance, read almost as attached cylinders rather than integrated anatomical features, much as Picasso’s Guitar employs cylindrical and planar components that retain a degree of استقلال from the whole. This structural articulation foregrounds the process of making and the autonomy of individual parts. Moreover, the polychromy of the Grebo mask—its use of blue, red, and white pigments—anticipates the modernist interest in surface as an active, rather than merely decorative, dimension. In Picasso’s work, color and materiality play a similarly constitutive role, whether through painted surfaces, collage elements, or the juxtaposition of different media. The addition of chicken feathers to the mask further complicates the boundary between sculpture and assemblage, introducing texture and movement that extend beyond the carved wood. This hybridity finds an echo in Picasso’s incorporation of everyday materials such as sheet metal, cardboard, and wire, which destabilize the hierarchy between fine art and vernacular or utilitarian objects. It is important, however, to situate these formal affinities within the asymmetrical conditions of their historical encounter. The reception of African objects like the Grebo mask in Europe was mediated by colonial systems of acquisition and display, which often stripped them of their cultural specificity and recontextualized them as aesthetic curiosities. While artists like Picasso recognized and responded to the formal innovations of these works, their interpretations were frequently detached from the masks’ original meanings and functions. The Grebo mask, in its indigenous context, operates within a complex network of ritual, social, and symbolic practices that cannot be reduced to purely formal considerations. Nevertheless, the dialogue between the Grebo mask and modernist sculpture remains a productive site of inquiry. It reveals how objects circulating across cultures can catalyze new artistic languages, even as they raise questions about appropriation, interpretation, and the politics of display. The mask’s block-shaped mouth, tubular eyes, and vivid pigments are not merely stylistic features but components of a sophisticated visual system that challenges Western assumptions about representation. In engaging with these forms, Picasso and his contemporaries contributed to a redefinition of sculpture as an art of construction, abstraction, and conceptual transformation. References Ezra, Kate. Art of the Dogon: Selections from the Lester Wunderman Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988. Goldwater, Robert. Primitivism in Modern Art. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986. Rubin, William, ed. “Primitivism” in 20th Century Art: Affinity of the Tribal and the Modern. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1984. Vogel, Susan Mullin. African Aesthetics: The Carlo Monzino Collection. New York: Center for African Art, 1986. CAB45295 Height: 46 cm (the wooden part)