Medicinal institutions in the Kwango and Wamba rivers region have developed an array of figurative sculptures known as biteki (sing. yikeki) to address issues ranging from physical and mental illness to the negative interference of spiritual entities. Commissioned by a nganga (ritual specialist) from a sculptor, biteki are carved with attributes of leadership and introspection. Prominent headgear—in this case the mpu also worn by neighboring Kongo rulers—references the authority of headmen and land chiefs. Heavily lidded, downcast eyes suggest deep reflection, and the gesture of hands framing the beard may indicate a swearing of secrecy (Bourgeois 1984, p. 112). Once carved, the nganga empowered the sculpture with potent attachments of plant, animal, and mineral matter. The holes in either arm of this figure once held charms to ensure its efficacy. The completed yikeki was contained within a shelter, where it was cared for and fed by its nganga with offerings of kola nuts and sacrificial animal blood. Provenance: Jean-Michel Huguenin, Paris