A bronze head - Portuguese - Benin - Nigeria

08
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07
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Dimitri André
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Selected by Dimitri André

Holds a postgraduate degree in African studies and 15 years experience in African art.

Estimate  € 1,050 - € 1,300
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A bronze head in the Ife-Benin style from Benin City, Nigeria, attributed to the Benin court tradition and identified as the Portuguese type, made in bronze with a height of 18 cm and a weight of 1.1 kg, in fair condition and authentic/original.

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Description from the seller

A Portuguese bronze head in the Ife style, from the Benin City region, Nigeria.

This copper alloy head, attributed to the artistic tradition of the Kingdom of Benin and belonging to the iconography known as the “Portuguese” style, features deliberately exaggerated facial features, centered around a narrow, vertical face dominated by an exceptionally long and prominent nose, large, bulging eyes outlined in high relief, thick, overlapping lips, and a chin extended by a short beard whose surface is enlivened by fine, undulating incisions; these features, which are more typological than truly portraiture-like, contribute to the conventional representation of Europeans in Beninese court art. The head is adorned with a headdress reminiscent of a helmet or a European cap with a wide, upturned brim, surmounted by a domed cap decorated with a particularly delicate network of incised motifs—volutes, dots, and plant forms—which contrasts with the largely smooth surfaces of the face; at the back, the sculpture extends into an elongated, slightly flared shell, while the lateral areas beneath the brim are structured by vertical striations that may suggest hair or an ornamental treatment of the headdress. The surface bears an ancient and varied patina, blending reddish-brown, green, and ochre tones, as well as cracks, lacunae, and corrosion-induced perforations visible particularly on the crown and one cheek, bearing witness to the material history of the cast iron and its aging. Historically, this type of image fits into the context of the relations established from the late 15th century onward between the Kingdom of Benin and Portuguese navigators and merchants: in the art produced for the Oba’s court, the European figure is not merely a depiction of a foreign appearance but can also serve as a symbol of contact with the maritime world, the circulation of wealth, and access to prestigious materials such as brass and copper; historiography has thus often linked these representations to the realm of Olokun, a deity associated with the sea and prosperity. This head thus combines an observation of otherness with political codification: the exaggeration of physical features and clothing makes the foreigner immediately identifiable, while the mastery of lost-wax casting and the sophistication of the decoration place it within a visual language of prestige specific to the workshops associated with the Benin court, where the depiction of the Portuguese could symbolize both the presence of the foreigner and the commercial, diplomatic, and symbolic networks upon which part of royal power was based.

Around 1472, Portuguese sailors were the first Europeans to reach the Bay of Benin (last photo sequence). They were impressed by the art treasures they saw there, especially the works of bronze, ivory, wood and terracotta. The most politically significant state in the region was the Kingdom of Benin. Especially between Benin and Portugal developed a variety of political, diplomatic and trade relations. They were the most important in the region between Volta and Niger, which became known as the Slave Coast, and where Portugal developed intense activities.

According of Kathryn Wysocki Gunch, belong to the reign of Oba Orhogbua 1550 - 1578 and not of the reign of his father Oba Esigie 1504 - 1550;

Kathryn Wysocki Gunch , The Benin Plaques. A 16th Century Imperial Monument.
"I tryed to construct a timeline according the pattern of the flanges. An attempt which tryed already Philip Dark and Frank Willet with other arguments based on the appearance of the plaques."

Some of the information is generated by artificial intelligence and is based on published sources from the fields of ethnography, archaeology, and art history.

Inv. No. MAZ21543

The seller guarantees and can prove that the object was obtained legally. The seller was informed by Catawiki that they had to provide the documentation required by the laws and regulations in their country of residence. The seller guarantees and is entitled to sell/export this object. The seller will provide all provenance information known about the object to the buyer. The seller ensures that any necessary permits are/will be arranged. The seller will inform the buyer immediately about any delays in obtaining such permits.

Seller's Story

Wolfgang Jaenicke’s engagement with African art did not begin in the field or the marketplace but in a quieter, more inward space—among papers, books, and objects that belonged to his father. The archive on Germany’s former colonies was not arranged to tell a single story; it suggested many. It invited scrutiny rather than reverence, and it taught Jaenicke early on that objects are never mute. They carry time inside them—fracture and continuity held in the same form—and they ask to be read as carefully as texts. For more than a quarter century, Jaenicke has worked as a collector, dealer, and intermediary, though none of these terms quite captures the shape of his practice. What used to be grouped, too casually, under the heading of “Tribal Art” has never appeared to him as a sealed or historical category. It is, instead, a set of living traditions, constantly negotiating the present. His academic training—in ethnology, art history, and comparative law—provided a grammar. The language itself he learned elsewhere. In Mali, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Togo, and Ghana, knowledge emerged slowly, through repeated encounters that hardened into relationships, and through trust built not all at once but over years. Mali became the gravitational center of this experience. Between 2002 and 2012, Jaenicke lived and worked in Bamako and Ségou, where he ran Tribalartforum, a gallery overlooking the Niger River. The space resisted easy chronology. Sculptures and ceramics shared the room with photography, and works by Malick Sidibé—images of Malian youth in the 1970s, self-assured and exuberant—hung alongside older ritual forms. The effect was not nostalgic but clarifying: past and present did not cancel each other out; they sharpened one another. The war of 2012 ended this chapter abruptly, as wars tend to do. But it did not dissolve the work. Together with Aguibou Kamaté, Jaenicke regrouped in Lomé, closer to the places where many of the objects originated and to the routes they continue to travel. Since 2018, Berlin has become another point on this map. Galerie Wolfgang Jaenicke now operates opposite Charlottenburg Palace, supported by a small team of specialists. Its focus rests, in particular, on West African bronzes and terracottas—materials shaped by earth and fire, and by forms of memory that resist easy translation. What distinguishes Jaenicke’s practice is not only its geographical range but its internal tension. Fieldwork is paired with provenance research; commerce is treated as inseparable from responsibility. In collaboration with museums and scholarly initiatives, circulation is framed not as extraction but as an ethical process that remains unfinished. The aim is not to remove objects from the world and seal them off, but to keep them readable within it—to allow them to continue speaking, even as the conditions of their speech change. ------------ Galerie Wolfgang Jaenicke is a Berlin-based gallery specializing in West African sculpture, bronzes, terracottas, masks, and contemporary African art. It is directed by Wolfgang Jaenicke, whose work combines collecting, dealing, provenance research, fieldwork, and archival documentation. According to the gallery’s own account, Jaenicke studied ethnology, art history, and comparative law and has worked in the field of African art for more than twenty-five years. His activities developed through long-term engagement in countries including Mali, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Togo. Rather than presenting African art as a closed historical category, he describes it as a continuing cultural tradition shaped by living communities and changing historical contexts. A particularly important phase of his career was in Mali, where he lived and worked between roughly 2002 and 2012 in Bamako and Ségou. There he operated Tribalartforum, a gallery that combined historical African sculpture with contemporary African photography, including works by Malick Sidibé. The political and military crisis in Mali in 2012 led to the closure of this phase of activity. Later, together with Aguibou Kamaté, Jaenicke continued working from Lomé, Togo, before establishing a gallery presence in Berlin near Charlottenburg Palace. The gallery places particular emphasis on West African bronzes, terracottas, Benin and Ife-related works, Nok sculpture, Dogon art, Baule sculpture, Senufo objects, and Yoruba material. One distinctive aspect of Jaenicke’s public position is his repeated emphasis on provenance transparency and restitution debates. On several published object records, the gallery explicitly discusses issues surrounding export documentation, UNESCO conventions, ownership histories, and communication with scholars and restitution researchers. These statements reflect broader contemporary debates about the circulation of African cultural heritage, legality, collecting history, and museum acquisition practices. The gallery maintains extensive online archives and catalogues documenting hundreds of African objects, including Benin and Ife bronzes, Nok terracottas, Dogon sculptures, Baule figures, Fon objects, Moba figures, and other West African material. For researchers interested in the history of the African art trade, Jaenicke represents a later generation of dealers compared with figures such as John J. Klejman. Whereas Klejman belonged to the postwar New York market of the 1950s–1970s, Jaenicke’s work has been shaped by contemporary concerns with field documentation, provenance research, restitution discussions, digital archives, and direct engagement with West African networks and artists. This text is based on AI Information

A Portuguese bronze head in the Ife style, from the Benin City region, Nigeria.

This copper alloy head, attributed to the artistic tradition of the Kingdom of Benin and belonging to the iconography known as the “Portuguese” style, features deliberately exaggerated facial features, centered around a narrow, vertical face dominated by an exceptionally long and prominent nose, large, bulging eyes outlined in high relief, thick, overlapping lips, and a chin extended by a short beard whose surface is enlivened by fine, undulating incisions; these features, which are more typological than truly portraiture-like, contribute to the conventional representation of Europeans in Beninese court art. The head is adorned with a headdress reminiscent of a helmet or a European cap with a wide, upturned brim, surmounted by a domed cap decorated with a particularly delicate network of incised motifs—volutes, dots, and plant forms—which contrasts with the largely smooth surfaces of the face; at the back, the sculpture extends into an elongated, slightly flared shell, while the lateral areas beneath the brim are structured by vertical striations that may suggest hair or an ornamental treatment of the headdress. The surface bears an ancient and varied patina, blending reddish-brown, green, and ochre tones, as well as cracks, lacunae, and corrosion-induced perforations visible particularly on the crown and one cheek, bearing witness to the material history of the cast iron and its aging. Historically, this type of image fits into the context of the relations established from the late 15th century onward between the Kingdom of Benin and Portuguese navigators and merchants: in the art produced for the Oba’s court, the European figure is not merely a depiction of a foreign appearance but can also serve as a symbol of contact with the maritime world, the circulation of wealth, and access to prestigious materials such as brass and copper; historiography has thus often linked these representations to the realm of Olokun, a deity associated with the sea and prosperity. This head thus combines an observation of otherness with political codification: the exaggeration of physical features and clothing makes the foreigner immediately identifiable, while the mastery of lost-wax casting and the sophistication of the decoration place it within a visual language of prestige specific to the workshops associated with the Benin court, where the depiction of the Portuguese could symbolize both the presence of the foreigner and the commercial, diplomatic, and symbolic networks upon which part of royal power was based.

Around 1472, Portuguese sailors were the first Europeans to reach the Bay of Benin (last photo sequence). They were impressed by the art treasures they saw there, especially the works of bronze, ivory, wood and terracotta. The most politically significant state in the region was the Kingdom of Benin. Especially between Benin and Portugal developed a variety of political, diplomatic and trade relations. They were the most important in the region between Volta and Niger, which became known as the Slave Coast, and where Portugal developed intense activities.

According of Kathryn Wysocki Gunch, belong to the reign of Oba Orhogbua 1550 - 1578 and not of the reign of his father Oba Esigie 1504 - 1550;

Kathryn Wysocki Gunch , The Benin Plaques. A 16th Century Imperial Monument.
"I tryed to construct a timeline according the pattern of the flanges. An attempt which tryed already Philip Dark and Frank Willet with other arguments based on the appearance of the plaques."

Some of the information is generated by artificial intelligence and is based on published sources from the fields of ethnography, archaeology, and art history.

Inv. No. MAZ21543

The seller guarantees and can prove that the object was obtained legally. The seller was informed by Catawiki that they had to provide the documentation required by the laws and regulations in their country of residence. The seller guarantees and is entitled to sell/export this object. The seller will provide all provenance information known about the object to the buyer. The seller ensures that any necessary permits are/will be arranged. The seller will inform the buyer immediately about any delays in obtaining such permits.

Seller's Story

Wolfgang Jaenicke’s engagement with African art did not begin in the field or the marketplace but in a quieter, more inward space—among papers, books, and objects that belonged to his father. The archive on Germany’s former colonies was not arranged to tell a single story; it suggested many. It invited scrutiny rather than reverence, and it taught Jaenicke early on that objects are never mute. They carry time inside them—fracture and continuity held in the same form—and they ask to be read as carefully as texts. For more than a quarter century, Jaenicke has worked as a collector, dealer, and intermediary, though none of these terms quite captures the shape of his practice. What used to be grouped, too casually, under the heading of “Tribal Art” has never appeared to him as a sealed or historical category. It is, instead, a set of living traditions, constantly negotiating the present. His academic training—in ethnology, art history, and comparative law—provided a grammar. The language itself he learned elsewhere. In Mali, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Togo, and Ghana, knowledge emerged slowly, through repeated encounters that hardened into relationships, and through trust built not all at once but over years. Mali became the gravitational center of this experience. Between 2002 and 2012, Jaenicke lived and worked in Bamako and Ségou, where he ran Tribalartforum, a gallery overlooking the Niger River. The space resisted easy chronology. Sculptures and ceramics shared the room with photography, and works by Malick Sidibé—images of Malian youth in the 1970s, self-assured and exuberant—hung alongside older ritual forms. The effect was not nostalgic but clarifying: past and present did not cancel each other out; they sharpened one another. The war of 2012 ended this chapter abruptly, as wars tend to do. But it did not dissolve the work. Together with Aguibou Kamaté, Jaenicke regrouped in Lomé, closer to the places where many of the objects originated and to the routes they continue to travel. Since 2018, Berlin has become another point on this map. Galerie Wolfgang Jaenicke now operates opposite Charlottenburg Palace, supported by a small team of specialists. Its focus rests, in particular, on West African bronzes and terracottas—materials shaped by earth and fire, and by forms of memory that resist easy translation. What distinguishes Jaenicke’s practice is not only its geographical range but its internal tension. Fieldwork is paired with provenance research; commerce is treated as inseparable from responsibility. In collaboration with museums and scholarly initiatives, circulation is framed not as extraction but as an ethical process that remains unfinished. The aim is not to remove objects from the world and seal them off, but to keep them readable within it—to allow them to continue speaking, even as the conditions of their speech change. ------------ Galerie Wolfgang Jaenicke is a Berlin-based gallery specializing in West African sculpture, bronzes, terracottas, masks, and contemporary African art. It is directed by Wolfgang Jaenicke, whose work combines collecting, dealing, provenance research, fieldwork, and archival documentation. According to the gallery’s own account, Jaenicke studied ethnology, art history, and comparative law and has worked in the field of African art for more than twenty-five years. His activities developed through long-term engagement in countries including Mali, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Togo. Rather than presenting African art as a closed historical category, he describes it as a continuing cultural tradition shaped by living communities and changing historical contexts. A particularly important phase of his career was in Mali, where he lived and worked between roughly 2002 and 2012 in Bamako and Ségou. There he operated Tribalartforum, a gallery that combined historical African sculpture with contemporary African photography, including works by Malick Sidibé. The political and military crisis in Mali in 2012 led to the closure of this phase of activity. Later, together with Aguibou Kamaté, Jaenicke continued working from Lomé, Togo, before establishing a gallery presence in Berlin near Charlottenburg Palace. The gallery places particular emphasis on West African bronzes, terracottas, Benin and Ife-related works, Nok sculpture, Dogon art, Baule sculpture, Senufo objects, and Yoruba material. One distinctive aspect of Jaenicke’s public position is his repeated emphasis on provenance transparency and restitution debates. On several published object records, the gallery explicitly discusses issues surrounding export documentation, UNESCO conventions, ownership histories, and communication with scholars and restitution researchers. These statements reflect broader contemporary debates about the circulation of African cultural heritage, legality, collecting history, and museum acquisition practices. The gallery maintains extensive online archives and catalogues documenting hundreds of African objects, including Benin and Ife bronzes, Nok terracottas, Dogon sculptures, Baule figures, Fon objects, Moba figures, and other West African material. For researchers interested in the history of the African art trade, Jaenicke represents a later generation of dealers compared with figures such as John J. Klejman. Whereas Klejman belonged to the postwar New York market of the 1950s–1970s, Jaenicke’s work has been shaped by contemporary concerns with field documentation, provenance research, restitution discussions, digital archives, and direct engagement with West African networks and artists. This text is based on AI Information

Details

Indigenous object name
Portuguese
Ethnic group/ culture
Benin
Country of Origin
Nigeria
Material
Bronze
Sold with stand
No
Condition
Fair condition
Title of artwork
A bronze head
Height
18 cm
Weight
1.1 kg
Authenticity
Original/official
GermanyVerified
6604
Objects sold
99.43%
protop

Rechtliche Informationen des Verkäufers

Unternehmen:
Jaenicke Njoya GmbH
Repräsentant:
Wolfgang Jaenicke
Adresse:
Jaenicke Njoya GmbH
Klausenerplatz 7
14059 Berlin
GERMANY
Telefonnummer:
+493033951033
Email:
w.jaenicke@jaenicke-njoya.com
USt-IdNr.:
DE241193499

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