Ottoman Empire. Mahmud II (1808-1839 AD). 5 Kuruş (.220 silver). Billon, 39.15 mm, 15.51 g. Obv: Tughra of Mahmud II, محمود خان بن عبد الحميد مظفر دائما (“Mahmud Khan, son of Abdülhamid, ever victorious”); عادل (“The Just”) to right. Within an open chain wreath tied below; outer border of flowers and foliage. Rev: ضرب في [mint] (“Struck at [mint]”), with regnal year above and accession date below. Within an open chain wreath tied below; outer border of flowers and foliage. Reference: Krause, Chester L., and Clifford Mishler, Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1801–1900, Turkey, KM 591. Mahmud II sought to strengthen the Ottoman Empire through sweeping military and administrative reforms. In 1826, he violently suppressed and abolished the Janissary corps, clearing the way for a new army. His reign also witnessed Greek independence, wars with Russia and a major challenge from Egypt’s governor, Muhammad Ali. Despite territorial losses and internal resistance, his reforms laid much of the groundwork for the Tanzimat era that followed his death in 1839. DISCOVER OUR CURRENT SELECTION Visit and follow our seller profile to explore all items offered by Logos Numismatics & Antiquities across current auctions and stay informed of new listings. IMPORTANT INFORMATION I. All items are authentic and lawfully acquired through established European auction houses; provenance is documented in our records. II. Every order includes one consolidated, signed certificate of authenticity and lawful provenance, recording each item's full attribution. III. Combined shipping is available only for items won in the same auction and settled as one Catawiki order. IV. For shipments outside the European Union, import licences, taxes, and related fees are the buyer’s responsibility. Customs delays are beyond our control.