Attention: due to customs regulations we can only ship inside the European Union. Please ensure you have a valid EU shipping address before placing a bid. Fantastic ancient Roman terracotta oil lamp, the discus depicts the helmeted head of a gladiator. The richly decorated helmet, known as the galea, features its characteristic long crest which shows exceptional retention of details. The image is framed by three concentric circles and the lamps two volutes are placed between the discus and nozzle. the reverse features the incused name GABINIA which indicates the maker of the lamp. Length: ± 93,7 mm Diameter: ± 65,3 mm Ref: Loeschcke type IV. Very rare lamp with interesting iconography. Intact uncleaned condition. Sharp and detailed helmeted head. Dark staining caused by a fire in ancient times which gives this lamp an additional cachet. Signs of wear consistent with age and use. Certificate of Authenticity: available upon request (pdf-format). -> Clay lamps were first developed in the Bronze Age, initially designed as open bowl-like vessels. Over time, they evolved into more enclosed forms to prevent oil spills and were crafted using various methods: hand moulding, wheel throwing, and mould production. The use of moulds for lamp-making became prominent during the Hellenistic period (323–31 BCE). Lamps were typically created with two-piece moulds, forming the lamp's upper and lower sections. The top mould often included intricate relief designs that were imprinted onto the clay. This method sped up production and also allowed to add more decoration to the surface of the clay. Oil lamps were particularly popular in the Mediterranean region, where olive oil was abundant and served as an efficient fuel source. Other plant-based oils and animal fats may also have been used. To light the lamps, wicks made from materials like plant fibers, papyrus, or linen were inserted. Beyond domestic use, oil lamps illuminated various settings. They were essential at Roman festivals, in the vast interiors of temples and religious sanctuaries, and in dark spaces like catacombs. In ancient Rome, lamps were sometimes offered as votive gifts to deities. Additionally, they served as grave goods in tombs, symbolizing light for the afterlife.