"Ancient Roman Bronze Enamelled Openwork Brooch (British Provincial Type) Culture / Period: Ancient Roman Date / Period: 1st – 3rd century A.D. Material: Bronze with enamel inlay Dimensions: 46 mm Condition: Good condition, with intact structure; traces of original enamel remain visible; minor wear and patina consistent with age No shipping outside the European Union. Due to complex export regulations concerning cultural goods, this item cannot be shipped outside the EU. Please ensure you have a delivery address within the European Union before placing a bid. Provenance information: Object Registration ID: 18 The current owner purchased the brooch from a private collector, Hans L. in Eindhoven. The previous owner, a private collector from Eindhoven (the Netherlands), stated that the object had been in his collection since the 1990s. According to the previous owner, the object had previously been part of a private collection in the Netherlands since the 1970s. No further information concerning the earlier ownership history of the object is available. Background Information: This finely crafted bronze brooch represents a characteristic example of a Roman enamelled fibula of British provincial type. The openwork design, combined with recessed fields filled with coloured enamel, reflects a decorative style that became particularly prominent in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire, especially in Roman Britain and Gaul. Brooches such as this served a dual function as both practical fasteners and personal ornaments. They were used to secure garments such as cloaks and tunics, worn by both civilians and military personnel. The presence of enamel decoration indicates a desire not only for utility but also for visual distinction, suggesting that the wearer placed importance on appearance and identity. The use of enamel in Roman metalwork represents a highly developed craft tradition. Artisans would create recessed cells within the bronze surface, into which powdered glass was placed and then heated until it fused, producing vivid colours such as red, yellow, and green. The surviving traces of enamel on this piece provide insight into its original vibrant appearance. Such craftsmanship required both technical skill and specialised knowledge, indicating organised production within regional workshops. This type of brooch is closely associated with the provincial art styles of Roman Britain, where local Celtic artistic traditions merged with Roman forms and technologies. These objects were widely distributed through trade and movement of people, including soldiers stationed along the frontiers of the Empire. Such vessels and ornaments were traded across large distances, reaching regions such as present-day Germany and the Netherlands. Openwork enamelled brooches are frequently recovered from a variety of archaeological contexts, including settlements, military sites, and burial assemblages. Their presence across different environments highlights their widespread use and accessibility within Roman society. This piece provides a direct and tangible connection to the Roman provincial world, where objects of this kind combined functionality with artistic expression and formed an integral part of everyday dress and personal identity."