Approximately 11-15th C AD - Medieval Crusader Era Material: Bronze Object: Heavy Military Mace Dimensions: 6.7 x 6.2 x 3.4 cm Condition: Excellent condition. Originality: The artefact is accompanied by a certificate of authenticity. This type of mace si of the Kirpichnikov IV type Knopped - there are 12 knops in three rows and with a hole for attachement to a wooden stick. this type knows its earliest examples from the 9th century on, but mostly they are from the 13th century First classified by Russian archaeologist Anatoli Kirpichnikov, Type IV mace heads saw peak popularity from the 11th to 14th centuries. Though most prevalent in Eastern Europe and the Byzantine Empire, examples have been widely recovered in Western Europe, including fascinating finds in Flanders, England, Scotland, and Wales While primarily recognized as a lethal close-combat melee weapon, some historical researchers theorize that ornate copper-alloy examples may have served ecclesiastical or ceremonial roles Provenance: Property of a private collector from southern Germany, formed in the 1970s - 1980s. The Seller can prove that the lot was obtained legally. Important information. The seller guarantees that he is entitled to ship this lot. The seller will take care that any necessary permits will be arranged. The seller will inform the buyer about this if this takes more than a few days.