ITEM: Oil lamp depicting an eagle, Type Bussière B IV MATERIAL: Pottery CULTURE: Roman PERIOD: 1st - 2nd Century A.D DIMENSIONS: 45 mm x 70 mm x 108 mm CONDITION: Good condition PROVENANCE: Ex American private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 PARALLEL: DENEAUVE, J., Lampes de Carthage, Pl. LIII, Fig. 515 and Pl. LXIII, Fig. 630 Roman oil lamps, or lucernae, were a ubiquitous and essential part of daily life across the Roman Empire, serving as the primary source of portable artificial light. The basic design consisted of a reservoir for fuel (typically olive oil), a small hole for pouring the oil, and a nozzle to hold a wick, which was usually made of linen or other plant fibers. While simple in function, they offered a safer and often cleaner alternative to early methods like rushlights or candles, though the quality of the light varied based on the oil and wick used. Most lamps were made of terracotta clay, which was affordable and allowed for mass production, but higher-status examples were also crafted from materials like bronze, glass, or even precious metals. The distinctive look of the Roman lamp evolved significantly from earlier Greek and Hellenistic forms. By the Imperial period, the most common clay lamps were mold-made, allowing for rapid, large-scale manufacturing. This mold-making technique led to the development of the discus, the circular area on the top of the lamp, which became a prime surface for decoration. Artisans imprinted this area with a vast array of imagery, including mythological figures, gladiatorial scenes, animals, gods and goddesses, or even erotic subjects. Distinct styles emerged, such as the Volute Nozzle Lamp (popular in the Early Roman period with ornamental spirals flanking the wick hole) and later types, including lamps from North African workshops often stamped with maker's marks like FORTIS, indicating specific manufacturers or workshops. Beyond simple illumination, Roman oil lamps served numerous utilitarian, ritualistic, and symbolic purposes. They were used by everyone from soldiers lighting military encampments to innkeepers lighting their businesses, and by the wealthy in their homes. In religious and funerary contexts, lamps held deep significance: they were frequently dedicated as votive offerings at shrines and temples, as light was considered a blessing. Furthermore, they were a common component in burial practices, often placed in tombs to symbolically light the way for the deceased into the afterlife. The material and decoration of a lamp could also convey social status; metal lamps or those with multiple nozzles (which burned more costly fuel) were often displayed by the wealthy as status symbols. Comes with Certificate of Authenticity and Export license If you bid outside the European Union and win the item, we will have to apply for an export licence for your country and shipping will take 3 to 5 weeks.