Amand-Durand (1831-1905) Landscape Engraving With a certificate of authentication Charles Amand-Durand (1831–1905) was a distinguished French engraver and publisher renowned for his meticulous reproductions of Old Master etchings, particularly those of Rembrandt, Dürer, and Beham. Commissioned by the Louvre, Amand-Durand undertook the intricate task of renewing original copper plate designs from the 15th to 17th centuries. Employing a combination of silver, amalgam, steel, mercury, copper, and asphalt from the Dead Sea, he succeeded in faithfully replicating the tonal variations and textures of the original artworks.